product description:
What are human beings like? How is knowledge possible? What is truth? Where do moral values come from? Questions like these have stood at the center of Western philosophy for centuries. In addressing them, philosophers have made certain fundamental assumptions-that we can know our own minds by introspection, that most of our thinking about the world is literal, and that reason is disembodied and universal-that are now called into question by well-established results of cognitive science. It has been shown empirically that:Most thought is unconscious. We have no direct conscious access to the mechanisms of thought and language. Our ideas go by too quickly and at too deep a level for us to observe them in any simple way.Abstract concepts are mostly metaphorical. Much of the subject matter of philosopy, such as the nature of time, morality, causation, the mind, and the self, relies heavily on basic metaphors derived from bodily experience. What is literal in our reasoning about such concepts is minimal and conceptually impoverished. All the richness comes from metaphor. For instance, we have two mutually incompatible metaphors for time, both of which represent it as movement through space: in one it is a flow past us and in the other a spatial dimension we move along.Mind is embodied. Thought requires a body-not in the trivial sense that you need a physical brain to think with, but in the profound sense that the very structure of our thoughts comes from the nature of the body. Nearly all of our unconscious metaphors are based on common bodily experiences.Most of the central themes of the Western philosophical tradition are called into question by these findings. The Cartesian person, with a mind wholly separate from the body, does not exist. The Kantian person, capable of moral action according to the dictates of a universal reason, does not exist. The phenomenological person, capable of knowing his or her mind entirely through introspection alone, does not exist. The utilitarian person, the Chomskian person, the poststructuralist person, the computational person, and the person defined by analytic philosopy all do not exist.Then what does?Lakoff and Johnson show that a philosopy responsible to the science of mind offers radically new and detailed understandings of what a person is. After first describing the philosophical stance that must follow from taking cognitive science seriously, they re-examine the basic concepts of the mind, time, causation, morality, and the self: then they rethink a host of philosophical traditions, from the classical Greeks through Kantian morality through modern analytic philosopy. They reveal the metaphorical structure underlying each mode of thought and show how the metaphysics of each theory flows from its metaphors. Finally, they take on two major issues of twentieth-century philosopy: how we conceive rationality, and how we conceive language.
George Lakoff and Mark Johnson take on the daunting task of rebuilding Western philosophy in alignment with three fundamental lessons from cognitive science: The mind is inherently embodied, thought is mostly unconscious, and abstract concepts are largely metaphorical. Why so daunting? "Cognitive science--the empirical study of the mind--calls upon us to create a new, empirically responsible philosophy, a philosophy consistent with empirical discoveries about the nature of mind," they write. "A serious appreciation of cognitive science requires us to rethink philosophy from the beginning, in a way that would put it more in touch with the reality of how we think." In other words, no Platonic forms, no Cartesian mind-body duality, no Kantian pure logic. Even Noam Chomsky s generative linguistics is revealed under scrutiny to have substantial problems.
Parts of Philosophy in the Flesh retrace the ground covered in the authors earlier Metaphors We Live By, which revealed how we deal with abstract concepts through metaphor. (The previous sentence, for example, relies on the metaphors "Knowledge is a place" and "Knowing is seeing" to make its point.) Here they reveal the metaphorical underpinnings of basic philosophical concepts like time, causality--even morality--demonstrating how these metaphors are rooted in our embodied experiences. They repropose philosophy as an attempt to perfect such conceptual metaphors so that we can understand how our thought processes shape our experience; they even make a tentative effort toward rescuing spirituality from the heavy blows dealt by the disproving of the disembodied mind or "soul" by reimagining "transcendence" as "imaginative empathetic projection." Their source list is helpfully arranged by subject matter, making it easier to follow up on their citations. If you enjoyed the mental workout from Steven Pinker s How the Mind Works, Lakoff and Johnson will, to pursue the "Learning is exercise" metaphor, take you to the next level of training. --Ron Hogan
• Before ordering any product, please make sure the product technically fulfills your need and contains no illegal ingredients (e.g., wine, alcohol, pig, pork, animal-based gelatin, etc.) or contents.
• For technical support or manufacturer's warranty of the products found on shoppingbag.pk, you can contact directly with the original manufacturer or visit their website.
• We are your importer of goods from the USA, UK, China, Russia, etc., and will not provide any technical support, product warranty, or quality check.
• Our enlarged and enhanced product pictures may differ slightly from the original products. Also, read product reviews and ratings before buying.
• Since dollar rate keep fluctuating so prices are not confirmed on our website
• We take
30% advance of the total value and remaining payment done at the time of delivery.
• We are assuming you have read our
terms and conditions and agreed with them.
Famous USA Brands 2025:
Customer Common Questions & Answers:
Question: You have imported quality products. What is the price of Philosophy in the Flesh: the Embodi… in Pakistan?
Answer: The pricing of our products is determined by their weight and size. Additionally, fluctuations in the dollar exchange rate in Pakistan may result in changes to our prices. To obtain the most accurate and up-to-date pricing, please check our website or contact our sales representative before placing your order.
Question: We want 100% original and authentic Philosophy in the Flesh: the Embodi… in Pakistan. How I will place my order on shoppingbag.pk?
Answer:
On all product pages you get two buttons to place your order
If you just want to quickly place your order just click on Order Now button and provide basic contact us detail and done otherwise you also have add to cart option so can place your order at your ease.
Question: Do you have physical shop or store of Philosophy in the Flesh: the Embodi… in Pakistan?
Answer: No, we don't have physical store but you can place your from our office or from online.
Question: Do you ship orders all cross the Pakistan?
Answer: Yes, we ship in almost all the cities of Pakistan using famous courier & logistic services of Pakistan.
Question: How soon can I get my order?
Answer:Since we import products from USA, Canada, UK or China so it take 3 to 4 weeks. We do our best to make import process fast and smooth and try to deliver ASAP all across Pakistan.
Question: Can I place my order from outside of Pakistan?
Answer: Yes! you can do until or unless you can deposit 30% advance using one of our payment methods you can place order from anywhere of world.
Question: How I will check 100% authenticity of my product?
Answer: We always try to buy products using Amazon USA from the brands or official resellers. In case of any confusion we can share amazon or eBay order ID with you so you can check with them directly.
Question: How to verify product quality?
Answer: Since we buy your products from Amazon USA so you can read product reviews before to orders us. For your convenience, you can find the product review link on all the product pages.
Question: Do you offer returns & exchange?
Answer: We have no product exchange policy. Yes! If you get wrong product or if product not working properly, you can return it within 3 days of delivery.
Question: What is your refund policy?
Answer: In case your refund approve we try to make sure it within 7 days.
Question: What if I get wrong product?
Answer: If the product you get will be different from the one you order then we will make its 100% refund.
Question: Technical detail available on shoppingbag.pk is replacement of professional advice?
Answer: No, it's for reference only. Consult with right more technical person before to use.
Was this product Helpful?
